Numbers of the new species, Pongo tapanuliensis, are so small and their habitat is so fragmented that they are in danger of going extinct.
A study published on Thursday in the journal Current Biology says there are no more than 800 of the primates - making it the most endangered great ape species.
Researchers say the population is highly vulnerable and its habitat is under further pressure from development.
It is the first newly discovered great ape species in nearly 90 years.
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